Class 10 Civics - Federalism
Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units.
1. Key Features
- Two or more levels of government.
- Different tiers govern the same citizens, but have distinct jurisdictions (legislation, taxation).
- Constitutionally guaranteed existence of each tier.
- Courts act as umpires/interpreters.
2. India's Federal Setup (3 Lists)
- Union List: Defense, Banking, Foreign Affairs (Center makes laws).
- State List: Police, Trade, Agriculture (State makes laws).
- Concurrent List: Education, Forest, Marriage (Both can make laws, but Center prevails in conflict).
3. Linguistic States & Language Policy
- States were created on the basis of language (e.g., Andhra Pradesh first).
- No "National Language." Hindi is an official language (40%). 21 other scheduled languages.
4. Decentralization (1992 Amendment)
A major step towards the Third Tier (Local Government).
- Mandatory regular elections.
- Reservations for SC/ST/OBC and Women (1/3rd).
- State Election Commission created.
- Panchayati Raj (Rural) and Municipalities (Urban).
Federalism keeps a diverse country like India united! 🇮🇳⚖️
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