Class 10 Geography - Agriculture

India is an agriculturally important country. Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities.

1. Types of Farming

• Primitive Subsistence: Slash and burn (Jhumming). Low productivity.
• Intensive Subsistence: High population pressure areas. Labour intensive. High chemical doses.
• Commercial: Uses HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers. (e.g., Tea in Assam).

2. Cropping Pattern

• Rabi: Sown in winter (Oct-Dec), Harvested in summer (April-June). Ex: Wheat, Barley, Gram.
• Kharif: Sown with onset of monsoon (June-July), Harvested in Sept-Oct. Ex: Paddy (Rice), Maize, Cotton.
• Zaid: Short season between Rabi and Kharif. Ex: Watermelon, Cucumber.

3. Major Crops

• Rice: High temp ($>25^\circ\text{C}$), High humidity, High rainfall ($>100\text{cm}$).
• Wheat: Cool growing season, bright sunshine at ripening. 50-75cm rainfall.
• Cotton: High temp, light rainfall, 210 frost-free days. Black soil is best.

4. Technological and Institutional Reforms

• Green Revolution: Introduction of package technology (HYV seeds).
• Bhoodan-Gramdan: Initiated by Vinoba Bhave (Bloodless Revolution).
• KCC (Kisan Credit Card): Providing loan facilities to farmers.

🗺️ Map Work (Locate and Label)

• Rice: West Bengal, UP, Punjab.
• Wheat: Punjab, Haryana, UP.
• Tea: Assam, Darjeeling.
• Cotton: Maharashtra, Gujarat.

Agriculture is the backbone! 🚜🌾